What does the term "address resolution" refer to?

The term "address resolution" specifically refers to the process of mapping a MAC (Media Access Control) address to an IP (Internet Protocol) address. In networking, devices communicate using IP addresses, which are logical addresses that identify devices on a network. However, when data is physically transmitted over a local network, it uses MAC addresses, which are unique hardware addresses assigned to network interfaces.

Address resolution is crucial because it allows devices on a local network to translate IP addresses into MAC addresses so that data packets can be sent to the correct hardware on the network. A common protocol that handles this mapping is the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), which broadcasts a request for the MAC address associated with a particular IP address. Upon receiving this request, the device that owns the IP address replies with its MAC address. This process is essential for effective communication within a network, enabling data packets to reach their intended destinations reliably.

In contrast, the other choices describe different networking concepts that do not pertain to the specific task of resolving addresses. Communicating between networks involves routing protocols, resource allocation refers to the management of network devices and their capabilities, and encryption pertains to securing data for transmission, none of which directly relate to the process defined by address resolution.